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Air France 447 Stalled at High Altitude, Official BEA Report Confirms

By Bethany Whitfield / Published: May 27, 2011
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Flying Magazine | The World’s Most Widely Read Aviation Magazine

This image details Air France 447's path
during its final minutes in the air.

Photo: BEA

An official investigative report confirms speculation that Air France 447, the flight that crashed into the Atlantic two years ago under then-mysterious circumstances, suffered a high-altitude stall before descending 38,000 feet in 3.5 minutes and crashing into the ocean

According to the preliminary accident report issued by the BEA, the captain had just relinquished control to the two co-pilots and left the cockpit when the first sign of a problem occurred, approximately two hours into the flight.

The Airbus 330 was flying at 35,000 feet and the co-pilots decided to make a slight turn to the left in an attempt to navigate around an area of turbulence. Just two minutes after executing the turn, the autopilot and auto-thrust disengaged.

As the airplane began to roll to the right, one of the co-pilots, left unnamed in the report, asserted control and made a left nose-up input. Seconds afterward the flight displays showed a sharp decrease in airspeed and the other co-pilot said, “so, we’ve lost the speeds.”

The co-pilot in control continued to make primarily nose-up inputs and the airplane climbed to a peak altitude of 38,000 feet, triggering the stall warning multiple times in less than a minute.

As the pilot at the controls struggled to regain control of the airplane, the other co-pilot attempted to call the captain back several times, according to the report.

When the captain returned to the cockpit, 1.5 minutes after the autopilot and auto-thrust had initially disengaged, the Airbus 330 was at 35,000 ft with an angle of attack greater than 40 degrees, losing altitude at 10,000 feet per minute.

This is consistent with an aerodynamic condition known as deep stall in which the wing stalls and the tail is blanked out, leaving the airplane in an aerodynamic state that may be a difficult or impossible from which to recover. In the case of Flight 447, however, the airplane seems to have been in a steady state conventional stall, from which the pilots never attempted to recover.

Less than thirty seconds later, the co-pilot at the controls said, “I don’t have any more indications,” while the other co-pilot said, “we have no valid indications.”

The last data recordings, which showed the airplane still falling at 10,912 feet per minute, were captured less than 2.5 minutes later.

According to the BEA report, the speeds shown on the left primary flight display and the integrated standby instrument system (ISIS) were inconsistent for a period lasting under a minute during the string of events that led to the crash.

The BEA is expected to release a more developed interim analysis on the Air France 447 accident at the end of July. “Only after long and detailed investigative work will the causes of the accident be determined and safety recommendations issued,” the agency said in a statement released in conjunction with the accident report.

Click here to read the BEA's report in its entirety.

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swbeyer's picture

The initial crash report of this morning draws no conclusions, but it's fairly clear that pilot error was a fundamental cause, due to improper reaction to the stall warning horn. The pilot pulled the nose up repeatedly and according to the report, maintained the nose up attitude (due to control inputs) for the entire 4 minute duration of the rapid descent.

This sounds like the same pilot error that was made by the Continental Connection pilot landing in Buffalo .... he over powered the stick shaker to pull the nose up when the stall warning sounded, causing an aggravated stall at just 1000 feet.

It's hard to believe that 3 experienced pilots could make such a basic mistake and not correct it over a 4 minute period, yet that's what the report implies.

Codehead's picture

1) Why was the Captain already resting, so soon into the flight, and during a KNOWN hazardous portion of the flight? (He put too much trust in the autopilot, also similar to the Continental crash.)
2) These guys were sorely lacking in training. Their first response should have been to bring the stall under control, not sit there watching the instruments, and pulling back on the stick.
3) Anyone else notice the similarities to a "graveyard spiral" in this accident?

Codehead's picture

Excerpt from Popular Mechanics article:

The Air France crew was experienced, Voss says. His concern is whether pilots are getting enough training on how to deal with a crisis when automated systems fail. "What may be lacking is the ability to triage a sick aircraft," he says. "We have to get back to the focus on automation as a tool to manage the aircraft. It should be serving us, not the other way around."

(In both this accident AND the Continental-Buffalo one.)

45gunner's picture

One can only imagine the series of events after erroneous instrument indications, stick-shaker, other warnings, and auto-throttle and auto-pilot disengagement. Add to that the turbulence and no visible horizon reference and you have the recipe for disaster.

During the later years of my airline career, I watched many a F/O spin the dials and twist the knobs of the auto-pilot/FMC from altitude all the way down to final approach. The fine art of flying is being lost to automation. Flying basics are falling by the wayside as needle, ball, and airspeed are something they may have read about in a novel.

I appreciate that Monday Morning Quarterbacking is easy to do while we sit at the comfort of our desk sipping a coffee with no turbulence trying to dump it in our lap but when the stick shaker activates, it is indeed time to lower the angle of attack and add full power.

One last comment: Ask instrument rated pilots what a Primary Instrument is and most will give you "The Flight Director." What happens when the FD fails?

Hogey74's picture

45gunner, totally agree and I am at the other end of my career. I've previously begrudged the 172n models I've been learning in when there are a bunch of shiny Cirrus and Diamond aircraft nearby but I've come to see the old aircraft as being like my first car - a bit floppy and old but providing the basis for sound skills. And I now take pleasure in navigating with a map and watch! Aside from the benefits that experience can bring, I see a need to make sure in the future that I only ever retain and improve whatever stick and rudder "feel" I might have - the system seems to work against this otherwise.

sebby's picture

I think unbeknownst to the flight crew, they got sucked into a massive freak tornado.

sebby's picture

Question, though: Didn't the aircraft systems went into Alpha Floor?

robert goyer's picture

Yes, when the shaker activates, it's time for full power and lowering the angle of attack. All other indications, such as the low airspeed indications, are either moot at that point or telling the truth.

Codehead's picture

Sully Sullenberger just weighed in on the CBS Evening News.

Recordo's picture

Combination of sweep-back wings, high (relative) stall speed at 38,000 ft and inexperienced co-pilots. Once in that stall the elevators are awash in back draft from the wings and have no further control effect. Impossible to lower the nose break that stall without a ballistic chute.

solanoferry's picture

I think Recordo is more on target regarding this incident. I hadn't flown since taking lessons in a Cessna 150 the 70's ...and even after all these years this junior pilot knows that you lower the nose in a stall. There's more to this story.

Codehead's picture

1) Complacency kills. 2) Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

Ralphmac's picture

Recordo and solanoferry, you seem to be overlooking a vital point: the Flight Data Recorder records pilot inputs. The flying co-pilot was exerting back pressure on the stick. If he was trying to break the stall, he would push forward. We must learn from this that no amount of automation can ever replace flying basics, and we must not fixate on one instrument. (As was also shown with the Quantas A380 incident).

tiiho's picture

These kind of stories make me wish there were mandatory IFR competency checks for every professional pilot at least twice a year, conducted in an aircraft equipped with steam gauges & NO AUTOPILOT. To me this accident reeks of over-reliance on computers and automation in combination with a complete lack of situational awareness.

Codehead's picture

Revision to my post above:

1) Complacency kills.
2) Hope for the best, but ALWAYS plan for the worst.
BECAUSE
3) "Anything bad that can happen, will happen, at the worst possible time." (Murphy's Law)

brojer's picture

When an electronic failure occurs, and cascading failures follow, it is best to try and determine the first cause. Since subsequent failures are a result of the first failure. Panic apparently followed since so many alarms went off causing confusion. The captain didn't seem to help in the situation either. Basic trouble shooting skills were lacking along with basic airman ship.

BPY's picture

As someone else has already pointed out, there is more to this story. This was the 2nd in a series of at least 3 high profile incidents (that I can recollect without research) where actions by apparently very experienced Air France crews seem contradictory to the most basic rules of good airmanship.
1. Air France A340 in Toronto, Canada - no fatalities, a/c lost.
2. Air France Flt 447 all pass and a/c lost.
3. Air France A380 in JFK,no fatalities, 2 a/c damaged.
Also something I've personally noticed on the here in Montreal is the appearance of the Air France a/c on the ramp, except for the new A380's, the rest of the fleet here is simply the filthiest of any of the international carriers. When the outward appearance of an individual, a business, a home, etc begins to deteriorate, it's generally a sign of inward troubles.

Nandor Vestroci's picture

Air France vs. Airbus; the video-game aircraft.

Air France (not unexpectedly) partially shifting the blame on Airbus for the crash of flight 447. They complain that the pilots did not have enough time to analyze the situation. But whose fault is it that gravity does not allow timeouts, so a round table could be called together to thoroughly discuss the situation to find out what went wrong, Airbus’s? Air France acts as if they would think so. They cannot deny that the pilots missed the cardinal rule in this situation, that first they must fly the airplane, and after start analyzing the situation, since a falling airplane is not going to wait for them. If they did not understand the instruments, then instead of pondering on it they should have come to the quick conclusion that they did not understand those instruments, and apply the unreliable airspeed procedure clearly prescribed for that situation, which is a blind, given thrust and pitch setting for the given configuration, and let the airplane fly itself, and only after get to analyzing what went wrong, and by the time they finished, the root-cause (pitot icing) would have probably cured itself. It was the safe solution to the problem, but not applied.
Air France and its pilots are blaming the stall warning system, which shuts off when the readings become invalid. First, somebody should challenge Air France’s chief pilot, who is absolutely defending the actions of their pilots as being “professional”, exactly what he would do in the same situation, the same as they did? Safe to assume, he would not dare say so. Since then Air France changed the Thales pitots (which were already slated for change), its training, including cockpit resource management, as a tacit acknowledgement of its own fault. Further, the aircraft performed exactly as it was designed and described when the stall warning cut out at the end of valid values (extreme stall), except the pilots did not know it. Unfortunately, it happens too often with catastrophic results that pilots are not familiar with the systems of their own airplane, such as in the case of American Airlines 587 over Qeens, which is clearly the airline’s fault. Of course, afterwards it is easy to make various arguments of how the situation could have been saved by others, but in case pilots do not or cannot fly by the book, the blame is solely theirs. Air France also argues that the stall warning system in the A330 is too “confusing”. Well, it must be realized, that an airplane is quite a confusing piece of machinery. It is full of buttons, levers, all kinds of red, yellow, green lights with buzzers, and a host of other miracles inside, which can look very confusing indeed, but it is the pilot’s duty to reign on them, or not to be pilot. You simply cannot be a pilot if you are only familiar with the fun part.
With respect to the big confusion, the question is, was this stall warning device the straw that broke the back of the camel? In other words, if the pilots would not have had to remember just this one thing that the stall warning stops in extreme situations, then confusion would not have set in, and they could have perfectly saved the situation? Well, the A330 is a new generation, highly automated piece of equipment with drastically simplified controls, displays, and instrumentation compared to older models. Still, pilots with the same human capabilities as the ones on flight 447 could very well stay in full control in those planes, and many times acted heroically saving situations much graver than where the plight of 447 started, such as UA flight 232 at Sioux City, or Air Canada 143, the Gimli Glider. If those pilots could perform well in those older, much more complicated aircraft in thougher situations, then there is no excuse for the pilots of 447 to be confused in a generally much simpler and easier-to-fly aircraft.
Some say the A330 is a “video-game” aircraft because of its side-stick control, which does not match up in real hard situations. But who can say that after the brilliant ditching of US Airways 1549 on the Hudson River? It was an A320 with the same side-stick control, and it matched up with the hardest situation very well, of course, with a seasoned pilot at the controls. The A330 is not a video-game aircraft, it is the airlines that make it a video-game by cutting corners, taking advantage of its superior automated capabilities thinking that it flies by itself, and no training and no knowledge of even the basics of the principles of flying is required in them for their pilots, as was demonstrated by the pilots of flight 447, who seemed to be incapable to react even on a basic level to the phenomenon of the aerodynamic stall. Evidently, it might not be what Airbus had on its mind designing the aircraft. They might have meant the best of the two, an airplane with superior controls, matched with seasoned pilots with superior education in the principles of flying and the handling of hard situations, best of the best, as airlines are prone to boast of their flying personnel, to represent quality improvement in flying safety by this pairing. Now, if this piece of equipment falls in the hands of the airlines who use it as a video game to save training costs, telling only their pilots that “if the red light on the right side blinks, just pull the stick back as hard as you can, and let the system do the rest”, they can get away with it as long as everything is normal, the airplane is good enough for that, but in unforeseeable situations, such as the one en-route to Paris on that night, without any independent knowledge of flying in general, the video-gaming with the aircraft may ultimately come to a fatal end.
However, beyond the reasonings and explanations there is still some eeriness about the crash, taking in consideration that Air France is certainly no third-world airline, and still three of their pilots just sat there in daze squeezing the control stick, barely being able to do more than commenting on how the airplane was falling out of the sky until crashing into the Atlantic, the arrival of the captain in the cockpit not making much a difference either. The question might arise whether weren’t they in a mentally incapacitating state of shock and disbelief? Whether do (or can) airlines test their pilots of how well they can keep their mental stability under the duress of a catastrophic situation? Wasn’t it a twist of fate unknown to anyone that three pilots prone to loose their cool and judgement in life-threatening situations got together in one cockpit and got into this situation, as stipulated by Murphy’ law, a true scourge of aviation?
None of it seems to be the fault of the airplane, which seems to need only matchingly good, trained pilots to give superior performance for the good of the flying public.

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