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Why Are Wings Swept?

Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • The swept wing concept, initially seen in J.W. Dunne's 1907 stable aircraft, was later discarded but rediscovered through post-WWII German research as crucial for high-speed aircraft flying above approximately 70% of the speed of sound.
  • Swept wings primarily address the problem of rapidly increasing drag caused by shock wave formation on aircraft wings as they approach their "critical Mach number," which severely limits acceleration.
  • They achieve this by effectively reducing the *chordwise component* of airflow velocity across the wing, causing the wing section to "perceive" a lower Mach number and significantly raising its critical Mach number, thus delaying the onset of severe transonic drag.
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If you’re historically inclined, you may be interested to know that the first swept-wing airplane appeared in 1907. It was built by J. W. Dunne, a gifted Irishman who also had some interesting ideas about the nature of Time. It had the distinction of being stable in all axes — uncapsizeable, in the boat-influenced language of the era. Wing sweep played a part in its stability; it provided a powerful dihedral effect, tending to roll the airplane out of a sideslip and consequently to keep it right side up without pilot attention, like a model glider.

Like many aspects of wing shape that designers tried out during the first two or three decades of powered flight, marked sweep — the Dunne biplanes had about 30 degrees — was eventually discarded. By World War II, the “ideal” wing shape was straight, moderately tapered, with an aspect ratio of between five and nine, and rounded tips.

FLYING Staff

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