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Why Are Wings Swept?

Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • Swept-wing aircraft first appeared in 1907 for stability but were largely abandoned until post-World War II, when German research rediscovered their benefits for high-speed flight.
  • Swept wings became essential for aircraft flying faster than about 70% of the speed of sound, as they effectively delay the formation of shock waves and the subsequent rapid increase in drag.
  • The core function of wing sweep is to reduce the chordwise component of airflow velocity over the wing, thereby raising its critical Mach number and allowing the airplane to reach higher speeds before encountering severe transonic drag.
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If you’re historically inclined, you may be interested to know that the first swept-wing airplane appeared in 1907. It was built by J. W. Dunne, a gifted Irishman who also had some interesting ideas about the nature of Time. It had the distinction of being stable in all axes — uncapsizeable, in the boat-influenced language of the era. Wing sweep played a part in its stability; it provided a powerful dihedral effect, tending to roll the airplane out of a sideslip and consequently to keep it right side up without pilot attention, like a model glider.

Like many aspects of wing shape that designers tried out during the first two or three decades of powered flight, marked sweep — the Dunne biplanes had about 30 degrees — was eventually discarded. By World War II, the “ideal” wing shape was straight, moderately tapered, with an aspect ratio of between five and nine, and rounded tips.

FLYING Staff

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