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Why Are Wings Swept?

Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • The swept wing, initially designed for stability in 1907 by J.W. Dunne, was later discarded but rediscovered through post-WWII German research, becoming crucial for high-speed aircraft due to its superior performance above 70% of the speed of sound.
  • At high speeds, shock waves form on wings, leading to a "critical Mach number" where drag rapidly increases, historically limiting aircraft speed.
  • Swept wings mitigate this by reducing the effective component of airflow perpendicular to the wing's leading edge, making the airfoil behave as if it's flying slower and thus delaying the formation of shock waves and the associated drag cliff.
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If you’re historically inclined, you may be interested to know that the first swept-wing airplane appeared in 1907. It was built by J. W. Dunne, a gifted Irishman who also had some interesting ideas about the nature of Time. It had the distinction of being stable in all axes — uncapsizeable, in the boat-influenced language of the era. Wing sweep played a part in its stability; it provided a powerful dihedral effect, tending to roll the airplane out of a sideslip and consequently to keep it right side up without pilot attention, like a model glider.

Like many aspects of wing shape that designers tried out during the first two or three decades of powered flight, marked sweep — the Dunne biplanes had about 30 degrees — was eventually discarded. By World War II, the “ideal” wing shape was straight, moderately tapered, with an aspect ratio of between five and nine, and rounded tips.

FLYING Staff

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