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How Will Self-Flying Aircraft Make Ethical Choices?

Experts weigh in on how electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) air taxis will fly autonomously and how aircraft controlled by artificial intelligence/machine learning systems might respond during life-and-death situations.

Perhaps as soon as 2035, aircraft piloted by artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) systems will have to perform aeronautical decision-making functions—and make ethical choices previously reserved only for humans. [Courtesy: EASA]
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Key Takeaways:

  • The development of autonomous eVTOLs faces significant ethical challenges, particularly programming AI to resolve complex emergency scenarios akin to "trolley problems," a capability currently beyond rule-based automation.
  • While highly automated systems are being developed with detect-and-avoid capabilities and human oversight, true self-learning AI capable of creative and ethical decision-making in unforeseen events remains a future goal.
  • Aviation regulators and ethicists are actively developing frameworks, ethical guidelines, and certification roadmaps to ensure the trustworthiness, safety, and accountability of AI/ML systems in future autonomous flight.
  • The drive towards autonomous eVTOLs is motivated by the potential for enhanced safety by reducing human error, as well as improving affordability and scalability for air transportation.
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It’s no secret that many companies developing electric, vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) air taxis eventually plan to fly their fleets autonomously—with no pilot on board to guide aeronautical decision making (ADM). Eventually, experts believe the machines that will pilot these aircraft will be capable of learning and making difficult ethical choices previously reserved only for humans. 

For example, let’s imagine the year is 2040. You’re a passenger in a small, autonomous, battery-powered air taxi with no pilot flying about 3,000 feet over Los Angeles at 125 mph. Air traffic is crowded with hundreds of other small, electric aircraft, flying and electronically coordinating with each other, allowing very little separation. Suddenly, an alarm goes off, warning about another passenger aircraft on a collision course. But amid heavy traffic, there are no safe options to change course and avoid the oncoming aircraft. In this scenario, how would a machine pilot know what action to take next? 

Thom Patterson

Thom is a former senior editor for FLYING. Previously, his freelance reporting appeared in aviation industry magazines. Thom also spent three decades as a TV and digital journalist at CNN’s bureaus in Washington and Atlanta, eventually specializing in aviation. He has reported from air shows in Oshkosh, Farnborough and Paris. Follow Thom on Twitter @thompatterson.

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