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How GPS Works

Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • GPS determines precise positions by measuring signal travel time from a minimum of four satellites, calculating intersecting "spheres of position" to pinpoint a location, a significant accuracy improvement over older VOR/DME navigation.
  • To enhance accuracy for critical aviation uses like instrument approaches, the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) employs ground stations and geostationary satellites to transmit real-time error corrections to GPS receivers.
  • For legal IFR flight, GPS receivers must be permanently installed, TSO-certified, have a current database, include the Cockpit Reference Guide, and have documented functional flight test results, with specific rules governing their substitution for traditional navaids.
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Back in the bad old days of VOR navigation you could find your position by tuning in two different VOR’s. Each radial from a VOR was a “line of position” from that VOR. Your position could be anywhere on that line. Where the two lines from two different VORs intersected was your location. For accuracy you had to plot the radials on a paper sectional, but it worked.

If you were lucky, you might have had a DME, meaning you only needed to tune one VOR for the line of position and use the DME for distance along that line. Plotting was easier that way. But either way, you needed the paper chart to see where you were and your accuracy was at best within a mile or so. These days, GPS-driven moving maps are ubiquitous—even available on some watches—and instantly show your position within a few meters. How can that be?

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