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Why Are Wings Swept?

Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • Swept wings, first appearing in 1907, were widely adopted post-WWII based on German research uncovered through Operation Paperclip, becoming essential for high-speed aircraft flying above approximately 70% of the speed of sound.
  • The primary function of wing sweep is to delay the formation of shock waves and the resulting rapid increase in drag (critical Mach number) that occur as aircraft approach and exceed high transonic speeds.
  • This delay is achieved because sweeping the wing reduces the effective *chordwise velocity component* of the airflow across the wing, making the wing "perceive" a lower speed relative to its own shape, thereby pushing its critical Mach number higher.
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If you’re historically inclined, you may be interested to know that the first swept-wing airplane appeared in 1907. It was built by J. W. Dunne, a gifted Irishman who also had some interesting ideas about the nature of Time. It had the distinction of being stable in all axes — uncapsizeable, in the boat-influenced language of the era. Wing sweep played a part in its stability; it provided a powerful dihedral effect, tending to roll the airplane out of a sideslip and consequently to keep it right side up without pilot attention, like a model glider.

Like many aspects of wing shape that designers tried out during the first two or three decades of powered flight, marked sweep — the Dunne biplanes had about 30 degrees — was eventually discarded. By World War II, the “ideal” wing shape was straight, moderately tapered, with an aspect ratio of between five and nine, and rounded tips.

FLYING Staff

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