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Ditching Demystified: What Every Pilot Should Know About Landing on Water

An easy way to avoid the risk of ditching is to not fly over water. The rest of us need to plan ahead.

Pilatus aircraft in the water
A ditched Pilatus PC-12. [Courtesy: NTSB]
Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • Ditching an aircraft is generally survivable, and pilots should prioritize preparation, thorough flight planning, and avoiding situations that necessitate an emergency water landing.
  • Successful ditching relies on understanding sea conditions, following specific aircraft procedures (POH/AIM), and choosing the most appropriate landing surface, which can sometimes be water rather than unsuitable land.
  • While an aircraft is typically a total loss after ditching, proper execution, having survival equipment, and effective post-ditching actions are crucial for pilot and passenger survival, as demonstrated in real-world incidents.
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I’ll start with a confession: I have never ditched an airplane. I don’t have any plans to ditch an airplane. So what follows is theoretical, which may not always be the best way to fly. But pilots like to be prepared for whatever might happen, so some theory is important.

Aviation Safety ran an article, “Ten Myths About Ditching,” in 2002, and others since then, which contains a lot of information worth studying. It concluded that ditchings are generally survivable; that high-wing airplanes do slightly better than low-wings; that an airplane won’t nose over and become a submarine; many open-ocean ditchings are survivable; data doesn’t favor landing gear-up to landing gear-down; the airplane will probably float; ditching doesn’t take extraordinary skill; survival equipment might not be needed; multi-engine airplanes ditch; and a helicopter probably won’t sink like a stone.

Jim Wolper

Jim Wolper is an airline transport pilot and retired mathematics professor. He’s also a CFI with single-engine, multi-engine, instrument, and glider ratings.

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