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Ditching Demystified: What Every Pilot Should Know About Landing on Water

An easy way to avoid the risk of ditching is to not fly over water. The rest of us need to plan ahead.

Pilatus aircraft in the water
A ditched Pilatus PC-12. [Courtesy: NTSB]
Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • Ditchings are generally survivable, with aircraft often floating, debunking common myths about immediate sinking or nose-overs.
  • Prevention is paramount; pilots should plan flights to remain within gliding distance of suitable land or at altitudes that allow reaching an airport if an engine fails over water.
  • Successful ditching requires pilot skill in assessing sea conditions (swell, wind) and selecting the best impact point, avoiding hazardous terrains like mudflats or inaccessible islands.
  • Following aircraft-specific procedures (POH) for a water landing, landing at the lowest possible speed, and having survival gear are critical for a positive outcome and rescue.
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I’ll start with a confession: I have never ditched an airplane. I don’t have any plans to ditch an airplane. So what follows is theoretical, which may not always be the best way to fly. But pilots like to be prepared for whatever might happen, so some theory is important.

Aviation Safety ran an article, “Ten Myths About Ditching,” in 2002, and others since then, which contains a lot of information worth studying. It concluded that ditchings are generally survivable; that high-wing airplanes do slightly better than low-wings; that an airplane won’t nose over and become a submarine; many open-ocean ditchings are survivable; data doesn’t favor landing gear-up to landing gear-down; the airplane will probably float; ditching doesn’t take extraordinary skill; survival equipment might not be needed; multi-engine airplanes ditch; and a helicopter probably won’t sink like a stone.

Jim Wolper

Jim Wolper is an airline transport pilot and retired mathematics professor. He’s also a CFI with single-engine, multi-engine, instrument, and glider ratings.

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