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Finding Right Approach Speed Is Essential for Pilots

Hardly a one-speed-fits-all, the correct one to fly varies with landing weight.

Stable approaches begin by flying the precise speed for the conditions and configurations. [Adobe Stock]
Gemini Sparkle

Key Takeaways:

  • General Aviation (GA) pilots frequently make high-energy (fast) approaches, a persistent issue historically linked to a significant percentage of landing accidents.
  • These fast landings increase risks of runway excursions, aircraft damage, and more severe injuries or fatalities due to higher impact forces.
  • Contributing factors include pilots failing to adjust approach speeds (VREF) for lighter aircraft weights, a preference for greater control authority, and sometimes ambiguous regulatory guidance.
  • To enhance safety, pilots should practice stabilized approaches, calculate and utilize VREF adjusted for actual aircraft weight, build comfort with slow flight, and consider tools like angle-of-attack indicators.
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Our training for the instrument ticket focused on flying by reference to instruments, how to shoot approaches, holds, etc. By that point pilots were presumed to have mastered the art of landing, so who needed any more instruction on that? (Or, so the argument goes.).

Your approach speed is an essential precursor to a good landing, even—or, perhaps, especially—for an instrument pilot. More specifically, fast (aka high-energy) approaches, can be requested by ATC and become a trap and possibly lead to a bent airplane or, worse still, a fatal outcome. Let’s start by looking at that trap.

Douglas Boyd

Douglas Boyd is an Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University adjunct research professor.

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