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Fly Without Airspeed

By Pia Bergqvist / Published: Sep 27, 2011
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As we all learned in Flight School 101, airspeed indication is a measurement of the difference between ram air and static air. Since the pitot tube points right into the relative wind, taking in the ram air, it is also exposed to any debris in the air that you’re flying through. It’s not entirely uncommon for the tiny little hole to get plugged by bugs or other airborne objects. A little practice will eliminate the potential panic as the airspeed unexpectedly indicates zero.

By grabbing one of your pilot friends or an instructor, you can practice flying without using the airspeed indicator and create a fun and valuable learning experience. Have the right seat pilot cover up the airspeed indicator in a way that only he or she can still see it. Then fly at different airspeeds and different configurations at a safe altitude and see how accurately you can estimate your speed. There are several clues that allow you to make a guesstimate. The power setting, the sound of the engine and the airflow, and the outside picture all give good indications to the observant pilot.

Once you’ve gotten comfortable at a higher altitude, practice the same thing in the airport environment. It’s not necessary to take the practice all the way to a landing, but it’s worth practicing approaches without using the airspeed indicator. See if you can fly the pattern at the airspeeds you generally use for the airplane you’re flying, for example 85 knots on downwind, 75 knots on base, and 65 knots on final the speeds, of course, depend on your airplane.

You can even make a fun game out of the airspeed lesson. Have the right seat pilot record your readouts and the actual airspeed while flying to your favorite destination. On the way back, switch seats. Once back on the ground at your home base you can compare score sheets, like after a round of golf.

No matter how comfortable you get flying without using your airspeed indicator, remember that the instrument is a required piece of equipment and you should never take off if you know it is not working properly. But this type of practice will be helpful should the airspeed indicator fail in flight.

Read more Flying Tips here.

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iused2fly's picture

If all light airplanes had angle of attack (AOA) instruments we would quickly learn to fly climbs, descents, approaches etc without referring often to the venerable ASI. In a plane without AOA I would feel naked without a properly functioning airspeed indicator.

Douglas M
Surrey, British Columbia

psyfly's picture

The suggestions in the article sound useful. I would just like to comment on your statement, "Since the pitot tube points right into the relative wind..."
The pitot tube is not always pointed directly into the relative wind. I'm no aerodynamacist, but my understanding is that the term "relative" is used to convey the fact that the air strikes the wing (and therefore the firmly mounted pitot tube) at angles that vary with speed, rate of descent, etc. -- hence the term "angle of attack." With increasingly high angles of attack, the pitot tube is pointed less and less into the relative wind.

CaptShort's picture

In 1984 I lined up and put the power to my Cessna 182 checking during the roll for evidence of airspeed indication. I became convinced it wasn't working just as the airplane flew itself off the ground. I flew pitch and power in a normal pattern back around to a normal landing, heart rate slightly elevated, senses keenly aware. The mechanic declared the pitot tube blocked by a mud-dauber, blew it clean, and on I went. I had checked the pitot tube on my preflight, but the blockage was not visible from the outside.
I would have loved having AOA as a back-up, and I am working actively to bring the flying community on board with the notion of teaching and flying AOA indications from day one of basic instruction. Until such time as AOA indication and training are ubiquitous in the civilian fleet, practicing flight without airspeed is a great idea. Even with AOA display it is a great training exercise to re-enforce the validity and reliability of the AOA indication.

Patricio Silva's picture

In 2005 it also happened to me as I lifted off in my Tri-Pacer: the indicated airspeed slowly started showing lower and lower despite all the rest of parameters (RPM, climb rate, and all sounds were totally normal), so luckily I recongnized the indicator was failing. It eventually marked zero when I was reaching 3000 AGL. Rather than returning to land immediately, I elected to keep flying by the seat of my pants, paying attention to the available instruments and sounds, and a valuable tool I had on board but had not considered even turning on for that particular flight: a handheld GPS, where I locked to ground speed shown. Instead of returning and land immediately, because it was a Sunday and all shops were closed, I changed my destination to a nearby turf field where I knew a little airshow was taking place that day, in the expectation that mechanichs would be around. I approached at about 80 MPH GPS ground speed trying to build a safety net above the normal 70 MPH IAS approach speedand landed there just fine with a roll not longer or shorter than usual. Unfortunately I found no mechanics, so just enjoyed watching the air show and later in the afternoon returned to my base airport, taking off, flying and landing again uneventfullly without indicated airspeed, just paying a lot of attention to the aforementioned variables. Thanks God the weather was perfect and the winds seemed just a breeze and the old Garmin 195 GPS I then had but seldom turned on, had batteries and "found" enough satellites.
On Monday the instruments technician found the butt of a bee that had penetrated the pitot tube and had been pushed through the piping all the way until getting close to the instrument itself!
Although I do not remember being particularly frightened, what would I do different if this happens again? Once landed, regardless of how rural and inconvenient that field is, not take off again until the instrument is fixed.

Bart's picture

Attitude + power + configuration = airspeed

Works every time.

hoffberg's picture

There's a lot of instrument redundancy built into most aircraft.

Several years when taking off from our base (international) airport, the airspeed indicator dropped to zero -- the pitot tube flap stuck in the down position. Having accumulated about 300 hours of PIC experience prior to this incident, As I performed a quick scan of the other instruments, looked out the windscreen, and tested the control feedback, I confirmed I was taking off with full aircraft control. The end of the runway was too close to attempt a stop.

Again I emphasize the importance of observing the control feedback and the behavior of the aircraft -- because everything else looked and felt normal despite the absence of the air speed indicator.

I contacted the tower (a half mile away from the runway), declared an emergancy, explained the problem, and requested a circle to land. I declined the emergancy equipment rollout. The tower closed all three runways and cleared the taxiways to prepare for my return.

Simultaneously listening to the engine, avoiding the stall warning horn, looking outside, keeping the tower informed, and checking the functioning instruments -- keeping RPM at or above 2400, I climbed to 500 feet (with tower's approval), flew a low pattern, and landed no flaps without incident in the first third of the runway length.

Tower had given me approval for a full stop on runway to remove the pitot tube flap, return to the cockpit, and takeoff.

Lesson learned: Keep calm. Use all available resources. Don't rely on an automatic pitot tube flap to keep insect out of the pitot tube; use a removable cover instead. Keep calm.

hoffberg's picture

Speed was at or above 2100 RPM; climbout was at 2400. Sorry.

hoffberg's picture

To develop a greater awareness for my aircraft's performance, I conducted two separate one hour night flights with a friend who wanted to take night photos of light pollution. Under the watchful eye of ATC who at my request assigned a block of airspace.

Flying with full flaps, I adjusted the angle of attack to give us the slowest possible ground speed without going into a stall. The photo shoot involved numerous turns around a pylon (actually convenience stores/gas stations) and other light pollution sources.

It was a wonderful practice exercise to develop the ability to maintain altitude of 1000 AGL +/- 10 feet just above stall airspeed. Part of this "sensitivity training" included intentionally increasing the angle of attack until I felt the pre-stall buffet and mushiness of the control surfaces, and then flying for a lengthy period of time in these conditions to get a good feel for the aircraft's performance envelope.

Most CFI(I)s who have flown with me would get freaked out by the above. However I conferred with a charter pilot who is an active CFII who teaches in IMC. He agreed the exercise was a good one.

bimjim's picture

Good article...

(Especially in an unpressurised aircraft, where 500 fpm in descent is the limit with passengers on board), in airline situations many flight regimes are dominated by power setting and rate of climb/descent. Of course the speed is monitored in any regime, but only for the extreme ends (stall and Vne).

If you - as a private pilot - were to regularly set up a speed at a specific power setting and then make a mental note of what your rate of climb/descent is, then if you lost your airspeed indicator you would know two of the three parameters (power setting, speed and rate of climb/descent) and still be able to carry on in a reasonably confident manner.

Same in cruise... you set cruise power, maintain your altitude, and accept whatever speed you get. If you lose your ASI then with your normal power setting and maintaining altitude you know approximately what your airspeed will be.

There are always three parameters (power setting, speed and rate of climb/descent, or power setting, speed and altitude), so if you are familiar with all of them in the various regimes (climb, cruise and descent) then you can reasonably lose one and still remain in control.

If you were to write down the averages and make it into a small sticker or card for your cockpit, then you would probably have greater confidence when experiencing a situation where you lose any one of those instruments (not just the ASI).

Just a suggestion...

Gabriele's picture

this is a forty-year activity flight instructor speaking.
sorry but I always taught that the elevator control is setting "every time immediately" the angle of attack; if the latter is constant for some seconds airspeed as well is constant and always related to the angle of attack through aircraft weight and flap configuration.
so the position of the elevator control or the setting of the elevator trim if you're not forcing the elevator control in some position is the indicator of the angle of attack hence of the airspeed in a stable situation.
in other words in any situation you have the elevator control hence the angle of attack in your hand.
by the way: the only way to stall an aircraft is to pull the elevator control beyond trim full up setting so the so called "accidental stall" is a contradiction. you should know what you're doing all the time!
thanks

alanmurg's picture

Must admit I forgot to remove the pitot cover recently !  No excuses, but it happened.I knew the wind velocity as I took off, so just applied this to the GPS groundspeed, added a bit for Mum, went back and landed.

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