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Reno Crash Update: Telemetry Data Emerges

By Robert Goyer / Published: Sep 20, 2011
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On the heels of the news that two more spectators have died in the Reno air crash, bringing the toll to 11 victims, NTSB investigators have announced that they discovered that the accident airplane was outfitted with telemetry and an outward-facing video camera. On Sunday accident investigators found the camera, along with, more importantly, its data card, at the crash site. Investigators have not said what clues they hope to learn if technicians can recover video from the card.

It does seem clear, however,  telemetry information, which NTSB officials said included aircraft health information, could add critical details needed to piece together a complete picture of what happened to Jimmy Leeward’s airplane in those fateful last moments.

A few hints of just how crucial the data from Leeward’s airplane might be emerged Monday when a few details from the telemetry information were reported by a crewmember of a different airplane. They included an 11-G pull up, the temporary loss of power at the top of the climb (presumably as the fuel was interrupted) and then the resumption of power as the airplane started back down. The data also showed that the engine was putting out very high power all the way down.   

Another incident in another highly modified Mustang involving the racer Voodoo back in 1998 has also come to the NTSB’s attention. In that incident, pilot Bob Hannah was racing on the back side of the course when the airplane lost a trim tab. Voodoo immediately pitched up at what Hannah estimated as more than 10 Gs, at which point he lost consciousness. By the time he came to, Voodoo had climbed to 9,000 feet, and he was able to bring the airplane back in for an uneventful landing. A third Mustang event, the fatal crash of Miss Ashley II a year later, was determined by the NTSB to have been caused most probably by flutter. That highly modified P-51 disintegrated in flight, killing pilot Gary Levitz.  

Emerging on Monday was new video shown by NBC on its Today show, showing new, disturbing footage of Leeward’s mustang crashing into the crowd.

The NTSB says that it plans to release a factual report on the crash on Friday.

For more, read Pia Bergqvist's first-hand account of the tragic crash.

Also, take a historical look back at the Reno Air Races in photos.

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Jetwhine's picture

He was 74 years old pulling 11 Gs in a flight suit. Mmmm.

Must have been some kinda Superman.

Codehead's picture

What does "flutter" mean?

John Carpenter's picture

Flutter is described as a self-feeding and potentially destructive vibration where aerodynamic forces on an object couple with a structure's natural mode of vibration to produce rapid periodic motion. These planes were not designed to go as fast as they sometimes go during all-out, top-speed races. They certainly were not tested with high-tech computer models utilizing CAD CAM and assembled with materials we have available today.

Disclaimer- I have never suffered flutter in my Skyhawk.

SocalFlyer's picture

In all-out combat the P-51 jocks certainly didn't pay any attention to niceties like redline speed. That being the case I would guess a stock P-51, even though not benefiting from computer design, was unlikely to encounter control surface flutter even at terminal dive speeds, although some pilots did report control problems later found to be related to pushing against the speed of sound in dives.

In these race-modified craft, however, who knows how much actual analysis accompanied the chopping & tweaking process?

Actually though, my guess is that rather than an exotic aerodynamic problem, something just flat broke.

wraysp's picture

I've only seen a couple of still photographs of the accident aircraft. The first one was of the top of the aircraft after it had rolled inverted after the steep pull up. In that picture you can see the pilot's helmet through the canopy. The second picture was taken from the side of the aircraft just miliseconds before impact and there was no visible pilot or helmet through the side of the canopy. This tells me the pilot is incapacitated either from a heart attack or passed out (and slumped over) from the high G maneuver in turn 4, or from the steep climb. As reported, the last pilot that pulled up that hard and that quickly experienced 11 G's and blacked out, coming to at 9500' ASL and landing safely!

Phil Hertel's picture

The combination of enhanced performance, older design (perhaps not as forgiving of loose/worn control linkage/hinge wear) and fatigue in critical areas may be leading to elevator flutter and catastrophic failure in these accidents.

Nutznbolts's picture

Firstly, my condolences to all who lost loved ones in this accident.
Photos taken just prior to impact seem to show no visible pilot, as previously mentioned, plus the mains appear fully retracted while the tail wheel is extended.
I don't imagine this is the primary cause of the accident, any suggestions on how this configuration came about and what effect would this have on the handling?

WhataView's picture

"...the racer Voodoo back in 1998 has also come to the NTSB’s attention. In that incident, pilot Bob Hannah was racing on the back side of the course when the airplane lost a trim tab. Voodoo immediately pitched up at what Hannah estimated as more than 10 Gs, at which point he lost consciousness."

THEE Bob Hannah? Just another racer to some but a legend in the motocross world in the '70's and '80's. This just too strange. Wishing all those who lost friends and family the strength to carry them through this terrible time.

Codehead's picture

Another person has been added to the death toll (it's at 11 now).

frits51's picture

Aircraft wingspan was reduced by ten feet. Aerodynamic washout in the wing may thus have been largely eliminated resulting in increased effective wing incidence, exacerbating the need for significant down elevator trim at racing speeds. With significant down elevator trim rolled in, the elevator trim tab may have been overstressed or it may have fluttered and in either case, torn free from the aircraft.

At 500 mph, the resulting sudden loss of down trim could have resulted in the abrupt pitch-up. The positive G forces involved were evidently so strong, that the tailwheel broke free from its lock and became fully extended as evidenced by video and numerous photographs. This sudden extreme G loading (now reported as possibly 11G's) would have been sufficient to render the pilot suddenly unconscious or even break his neck under the sudden, vastly increased weight of his helmeted head.

The photo showing the elevator trim tab hanging by a single connection also shows the pilot’s helmet to be very much forward in the cockpit, way forward of a normal head position as seen in photos of this aircraft taken while taxiing and in level flight. Pre-impact photos and video show clearly that the pilot is not at all visible in the cockpit. Extreme positive G forces could fold an unconscious pilot’s head forward, possibly out of sight. His seat may have been broken.

At the sudden pitch up, the aircraft climbed to the right, contrary to the effects of torque and P-factor. However, if some part of the pilot’s body was pressed by G forces against the stick, the stick may have been pushed somewhat to the right. As the aircraft reached a full inverted attitude, it appeared to level off allowing the pilot’s unconscious body to hang straight down, limp in his belt and harness. As the aircraft began to descend and go vertical, his body may have again been pressed by G forces against the stick or torque may have become a factor resulting the left hand spiral prior to impact. The loss of down trim, combined with high speed and increased effective wing incidence could have produced the flight path that led to speculation that the pilot was pulling up to avoid the grandstand.

The pilot was very experienced. If not incapacitated, he would have quickly reduced power to decrease his speed and maneuvering radius and increase his potential for avoiding the spectator area. Video shows that the power remained at a racing setting throughout the event. He also would have rolled the aircraft upright and not attempted to ‘pull through’ and complete a low-altitude, high-speed ‘Split S’ in a P-51. A photo of the aircraft just prior to impact shows the elevator to be at a neutral setting, contrary to the ‘stick hard back’ action that would likely have been taken by a conscious pilot who was trying to avoid the spectators.

A plausible conclusion is that the pilot was no longer flying the aircraft at the moment of impact and very possibly from the time of the violent pitch-up.

gunman1f16's picture

G induced loss of consciousness (GLOC) depends not only on pulling high G forces but also on onset rate, time of exposure, and G tolerance of the pilot. It would appear that the onset rate was rapid. The exposure may have been very brief, or may have lasted from the pitch up to impact. F-16 pilots pull 9 G's for 20 seconds in the centrifuge, and longer in the aircraft. The pilots G tolerance was probably high to very high, he frequently pulled high G forces during air shows and racing. Age has nothing to do with G tolerance, it has to do with physical fitness and tolerance. Traditional G suits only provide 1/2 to 1 G of protection and that's thought go be more from having a barrier to strain your abdomen against than the squeezing of the abdomen, thighs and calves. Not wearing a G suit doesn't reduce tolerance to a dangerous degree.
It's a too early to speculate that he was GLOC 'd. In the pictures that many believe show his head forward, there's no proof that you're looking at his head and not the top of a HUD. The picture that shows no head/helmet may indicate that his seat collapsed which could be as consequential as GLOC. The tail wheel was extended, but was that because of G forces or the vibration caused by failure of the trim tab? There's several potential causes of the accident, some of which haven't been suggested in this or any other forum. Let's give the investigators time to accumulate all of the evidence before we jump to conclusions.

AndyG's picture

Again, condolences to the families of all that got hurt in this tragic accident.
As to the design/maintainance of the "older" plane, all the articles that I've read on the rebuilding of these types of planes show that every nut-bolt and wire is gone over and replaced or rebuilt. With todays computer modeling, its possible that stresses are analyzed and parts beefed up accordingly. After all, these are multi million dollar upgrades. We're not talking about people pulling planes out of a cow pasture, throwing a souped up engine in and going.
When Jimmy Franklin rebuilt his Waco biplane to exceed 250 mph with a Lear Jet engine, he supposedly rebuilt the wing with carbon fiber spars etc. to accomadate the forces.
In spite of best efforts, things that go hard and fast occasionally fail.

Codehead's picture

"We're not talking about people pulling planes out of a cow pasture, throwing a souped up engine in and going." LOL...sounds like what my late father used to do (except for the souped up engines)!

Doug Dailey's picture

A friend was killed in a P-51 crash for almost the same cause.

He had an engine failure due to low fuel in the tank...in trying to restart he applied full power...but no start. He decided to land on a street in Palos Verdes....while in a steep turn to line up for the landing, the engine started at full throttle. Of course the P-51 inverted and crashed.

davesoar's picture

The elevater is directly conected to the "stick: in the cockpit. Fluter at those speeds can
cause the stick to beat the pilot to death in his seat.
Ergo, no signe of Tommy in the final photo.

Antonio2010's picture

I agree with most of the other comments, but as always the causes may be several not just one, sureley flutter and G induced loss of consciousness may have been among these. But i'm thinking at the people who lost their lives, looking at the accident from what showed in television here in Italy, i instantly noticed that the spectators were too much near to the runway.

It seems to me that the safety distance of the people was too short, and that in my opininon should be increased.

baldeagle's picture

Excellent and very logical comments by frits51. Flutter very likely at 500 mph pulling 2-3 G just making the turn, and add to this the accelerated airflow over the controls possibly becoming transonic since he likely had reached close to the limit of forward trim.
Later aircraft tended to have floating stabilizers eliminating the difference in angle of incidence between the wing and the tail and the pitch up problem inherant with that configuration.
When I was in my 20's I experienced a little over 7 G and it was bone crushing and there was no way I could not sustane it. I have sat in a P-51 and I appreciate the possibility that Mr. Leeward would have slumped forward over the joystick while unconcious under 11 G. Thanks for your insight frits51.

rossbudd's picture

There is no such thing as old bold pilots. Old is relative. This guy reinforces that saying.
I feel sympathy for the loved ones of the deceased. But no spectators should be that close to a bunch of yahoo daredevils flying around pylons at 500 MPH. This is just a terrible accident waiting to happen.

baldeagle's picture

To anyone who does not understand flutter, just imagine a weather vane that is stable compared to a flag fluttering in the wind. When flutter happens on an aircraft wing, control surface or trim tab mechanical failure can happen fast and without warning.

Codehead's picture

CNN is reporting that the investigation has confirmed that part of the "tail" came off prior to the crash.

Martin E Haisman's picture

GLOG is most certainly a resultant factor in the initial upward motion. As per other comments 11 G or so are regularly experienced by fighter pilots and red bull racers but pilots are conditioned to it and are prepared in advance for the onset of it and the control of it. Pilot condition/age may have a factor in recovery from this but is doubtfull for anyone judging from the timeline and speed of the accident. Flutter is also a high posibility with any aircraft including the modified GG pushed well above desgn limits constantly (Yes any aircraft even with floating tailplanes, and don't try it to prove me wrong either!). Yes the P-51 and other aircraft are excellent and cool but objectively I don't live with rose coloured glasses either and pretend it is bulletproof and can handle whatever it is "supposed" to be able to take. I would be very weary of news reports with sensationalism winning over fact every time. I and anyone can only make very limited judgement from what photos and video are posted on the internet. First it was seperation of the tab, the partial tab, then flutter, then the tailplane came off, then the pilot had a heart attack, then the plane was too old. Regarding age of the aircraft it would have been maintained and scrutinised better than the average car. When did you last check your pressure and the full condition of your car tyres and condition or leaks in you power steering and suspension? CNN, ABC, NBC, washington post etc pick your favourate story and quote it verbatim. Whatever can be determined by the NTSB and affiliated agencies will hopefully shed light of the probable or factual causes of this accident and recommended outcomes if any. Studying many aircraft accidents for years there are so may areas to investigate it takes ages and on many occasions there will be a lot of people who won't like the outcome. The only thing that some people can not get past is that even if someone made a legitimate mistake not deliberate or negligent it does not make them a lessor person. It just makes them human.

Martin E Haisman's picture

Here are some telemetry data from the P-51 “Galloping Ghost” Airspeed around pylon 7 - 495 mph. When the trim tab broke off the aircraft pitched up pulling 21 G's and airspeed reduced to 375 mph. (Tail wheel popped out, pilot slumped below view). Throttle stayed wide open at 105 manifold pressure until impact. Airspeed at impact was 425 mph. The pilot would have most likely had GLOG at this point and been out for the duration. The fire was suppressed by a special foam that was in the tanks.

Not the cause just the effect with further data retrievable sent to Washington for analysis.

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